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愛潑斯坦文件的公布,撕開了背棄信仰的上流社會那潰爛的膿瘡

作者:

編者按:電報頻道1/30日文及對應討論區,已匯總並梳理了大量與文件曝光相關的事實與討論。本文翻譯一篇評論,其對愛潑斯坦文檔迄今為止所揭示的深層意義作出了極具代表性的總結。之所以強調「迄今為止」,是因為相關文件仍未完全公開——儘管國會已通過立法,要求全面披露;而已公布的部分內容中,也存在大量過度塗黑的情況。

他們究竟在隱瞞什麼?陰謀論中關於愛潑斯坦具有「外國情報背景」的傳言,是否真的只能被歸為陰謀論?在所有文件徹底公開之前,這些問題仍然無法給出最終結論。

https://x.com/matthewstoller/status/2018388941389373748

譯文:

傑弗里·愛潑斯坦事件並非僅僅是一樁關於戀童癖的醜聞,它關乎一個俄語詞彙「blat」,這個蘇聯時代的詞語意為「利用人脈關係獲取稀缺商品和服務,並規避正式程序」。它關乎一種特殊的治理方式。

正如蘇聯時代大量「blatnik」(利用人脈關係的人)確保他們的工廠能夠在正式的國家採購流程之外獲得所需物資一樣,愛潑斯坦也為新自由主義國家運作提供了便利。他的工作就是參與治理。

這意味著什麼?很明顯,愛潑斯坦是橫跨多個公共和私人官僚機構的企業家掮客,他幫助法律界、商界、情報界和政界精英組織「幕後交易」,使他們能夠逃避法律約束和傳統的利益衝突限制。這是一種治國之道,允許超級精英階層系統性地規避正式規則。

戀童癖和賣淫是其中的一部分——這顯然違反了法律——但愛潑斯坦提供的各種隨機幫助也是如此。例如,愛潑斯坦將參議員喬·曼欽(Joe Manchin)提出的遊艇請求(該請求來自維京群島第一夫人)轉給了紐約的一位可能擁有遊艇的金融家。又例如,他與麻省理工學院的伊藤穰一(Joi Ito)和億萬富翁里德·霍夫曼(Reid Hoffman)合作重組比特幣基金會。這一切都與在普通人受到的限制之外,匹配資本、人才和資源有關。

這種治理方式在蘇聯式的國家尤為重要,在這些國家,每個人都知道規則是虛假的,規避制度本身就是制度的一部分。愛潑斯坦及其同夥之所以能夠蓬勃發展,正是因為美國制度的衰弱,而這些制度在很多情況下正是被他的人脈網絡中的成員(例如拉里·薩默斯)所削弱的。這些人身兼多職——顧問、商人、學者、董事會成員、監管者——並根據當時最能最大化自身利益和其狹窄人脈網絡利益的情況,選擇扮演不同的角色。

舊世界,即遞出名片就代表你代表某個機構的時代,在20世紀80年代消失了。在20世紀90年代,新保守主義者、新自由主義者、銀行家——最終是愛潑斯坦的人脈網絡——構建了這種新的社會秩序。這是一個無法通過正式規則取得成功的世界,但如果你被那些有權有勢的人拉入他們的信任網絡,你就能為所欲為。

雖然愛潑斯坦人脈網絡的具體細節尚不完全清楚,而且陰謀論者也常常持有荒謬的觀點,但他們正確地指出,以精英制度和正式體系為基礎的世界越來越像一場騙局。而真正的權力掌握在別處。

簡而言之,當國會等正式民主機構停止履行其治理職能時,像愛潑斯坦這樣的人所建立的人脈網絡就會填補權力真空。愛潑斯坦建立起了羅伊·科恩一直夢寐以求卻從未實現的權力網絡,因為當時的制度體系過於強大,他無法撼動。

以下摘自社會學家珍妮·韋德爾的著作《影子精英》,闡述了這種治理模式的運作方式:「制度與人際網絡的作用,往往比官方意識形態所承認的要廣泛得多。在蘇聯,這一非正式體系被稱為blat,指的是利用私人關係網絡來獲取商品和服務的一種做法,尤其是在短缺條件下,用以繞過正式程序。

為了讓生活稍微過得去,幾乎每個人都參與過某種「台面下」的交易——這種行為在西方人看來可能會被視為腐敗。正因為這種活動具有風險性,信任變得不可或缺,而對官僚體系進行「人格化」也就成為必需。人們會將自己必須接觸的那一小部分國家機器「人性化」,與官員、官僚和辦事員建立個人關係。這意味著要麼通過交換禮節建立關係,要麼通過家庭、朋友、鄰居和工作同事所構成的非正式社會網絡,動員可信的熟人來疏通關係。

最重要的資產是口口相傳的信息——這種信息如果沒有可靠的來源,幾乎不可能獲得;而這些來源能夠告訴你該找誰、怎麼找、去哪裡找。母親(Mama)憑藉她敏銳的洞察力,能夠判斷別人能提供什麼,打探並保存信息,並為他人從秘書或辦事員那裡、從神父或黨內負責人那裡打點關係、牽線搭橋。她不僅是一個名副其實的資訊庫,更是一個「私有化信息」的仲介——這一點正是blat體系的核心所在。

人們的生活品質,在很大程度上取決於是否認識對的人,而不是去找對的機構或組織來解決問題。「找誰」遠比「需要什麼幫助」更重要。在我波蘭的朋友中,一份典型的跑腿清單往往由一串名字組成,每個人都對應著特定事務:修房子找Pan(先生)Jan;加汽油找Pan Piotr;辦駕照找Pan Grzegorz;想儘快預約看病找Pani(女士)Jadwiga;給孩子在幼兒園或大學留名額找 Pani Antonina.」

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Matt Stoller

@matthewstoller

The Jeff Epstein saga isn't a scandal about pedophilia, it's about a Russian word called'blat,' a Soviet-era word meaning'the use of personal networks for obtaining goods and services in short supply and for circumventing formal procedures.' It's about a kind of government.

As with the large number of'blatniks' in the Soviet era who made sure their factories got what they needed outside the formal state procurement process, Epstein greased the wheels for the neoliberal state. His job was governance.

What does that mean? Well it's clear that Epstein was an entrepreneurial broker across multiple public and private bureaucracies, helping organize'under-the-table' deals among the legal, business, intelligence, and political elites to allow them to escape the rule of law and traditional conflict of interest restrictions. It's statecraft to allow a superclass to systemically escape the formalized rules.

The pedophilia and prostitution were part of it- that is obviously violating the rule of law- but so are the random favors Epstein bestowed. Like Epstein sending Senator Joe Manchin's request for a yacht, a request which came from the First lady of the Virginia Islands, to a random NY financier who might have one. Or working with Joi Ito at MIT and billionaire Reid Hoffman to restructure the Bitcoin Foundation. It's all about matching capital and talent and inputs outside of the restrictions ordinary people are subject to.

This kind of governance is particularly important in Soviet-style states, where everyone knows the rules are fake, where skirting the system IS the system. Epstein and his affiliates thrived because of the weakened institutions of the United States, institutions enfeebled in many cases by the men in his network, like Larry Summers. These men adopted multiple roles- advisor, businessman, academic, board member, regulator- and put on the hat that best maximized their self-interest and the self-interest of their narrow network at that moment.

The old world, where handing someone your business card meant you represented that institution, disappeared in the1980s. Over the course of the1990s, neoconservatives, neoliberals, bankers- ultimately Epstein's network- built this new social order. It was one where you couldn't succeed through the formal rules, but if you were let into the networks of trust by blatniks, you could do anything you wanted.

While all the specifics of Epstein's network are not known, and while conspiracy theorists often have crazy views, they have correctly fingered that the world of meritocracy and formalized systems is increasingly a fraud. And that the real government lies elsewhere.

In short, when formal democratic institutions like Congress stop governing, the networks of men like Epstein fill the power vacuum. Epstein built what Roy Cohn always wanted to have, but never achieved, because the then-institutions were too strong for him to break.

Here's a passage from sociologist Janine Wedel's Shadow Elite on how this form of governance works.

責任編輯: 李廣松  來源:MoshangUSA X 轉載請註明作者、出處並保持完整。

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